Key Theories and Approaches in Architechure

The History of Chamber Music - 895 Words

The History of Chamber Music What is chamber music? It is ensemble instrumental music for up to about ten performers with typically one performer to a part. Since circa 1450, there has been instrumental music designed for private playing. These pieces used many instruments and (in Germany) it was common that the folk songs would contain 2-3 countermelodies to expand and elaborate the whole, and to arrange the outcome for groups of instruments. Although the pieces were never written for particular instruments, we can, through art/paintings, reasonably guess that the viol was a predominant early chamber music instrument. A more important source of later chamber music is to be found in the†¦show more content†¦Parallel to the developments that led from the vocal chanson, in France, to the instrumental canzona, primarily in Italy, was the development of the dance suite. Early sixteenth-century dance tunes in all countries of Western Europe usually had appeared in pairs: one was slow, stately in mood and in duple metre (i.e., with two beats to the bar); the other fast, lively in mood, usually in triple metre, and often melodically similar to the first. Through much of the sixteenth century, composers in the several countries sought to expand the dance pair into a unified dance suite. Suites based on variations of one movement appeared in England; suites in which each of four dances had its own rhythmic character, melodically based on the first dance, were written in Germany; sets of dances with no internal relationships to each other were common in Italy. The most influential steps were taken in France by composers for the lute or the clavecin (harpsichord). Consisting essentially of four dance forms that were then popular – the allemande, courante, sarabande, and gigue – the suites they composed were based on contrasting tempos, metres, and rhythmic patterns. The French version of the dance suite became the prototype for later chamber-music forms. It was not until the middle of the seventeenth century that two types of composition –Show MoreRelatedHistory of the Violas Role in Part-Writing for Chamber Music975 Words   |  4 PagesCarolyn Hunter Music 700 November 1, 2009 Mini-Research Paper #2 History of the Viola’s Role in Part-Writing for Chamber Music There is considerable debate amongst scholars as to whether the birth of the viola preceded or succeeded that of the violin. However, iconographic and documentary evidence indicate that the violin, viola, and cello most likely evolved together as a family of instruments very early in the sixteenth century and almost certainly in northern Italy. Part-writingRead MoreEssay about Handel and Bach Comparisons840 Words   |  4 PagesJacob Zeller Professor Davidson History of Music 114:01 15 November 2012 Bach v. Handel When thinking of composers, whose works changed the world of music forever, many names may come to mind. Among those on that list, both Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel are figures whose effect on music has been felt worldwide. Born in the same year, these composers have much in common and many differences that illustrate their importance to their era and music as we see it today. Their individualismRead MoreThe Van Beethoven s Musical Style And Innovations1263 Words   |  6 PagesLuwig Van Beethoven Ludwig Van Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany and spent his musical career in Vienna. Beethoven is â€Å"widely considered to be one of the pre-eminent classical music figures of the Western world† (Beethoven 5). 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Although he is forever enshrined in music history as one of the three B’s (Along with Beethoven, and Bach), Brahms’ contribution to the musical world is far greater than just the letter B. (â€Å"Self Confidence† par. 9) From his works in orchestral music (such as his four symphonies, and concertos) to his piano, chamber, and choral music, all of these have had a meaningful impact the world of music, both in the nineteenth century, and today. (Sandberger par. 1) JohannesRead MoreBand Program Essay1166 Words   |  5 Pages†¢ Freshman Band- Freshman is included in my curriculum because this allows the directors focus on the development of 9th grade students understanding of music and fundamentals. 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According to Charles Burney, an English music historian, Fairnelli â€Å"set off with such brilliancy and rapidity of execution that it was difficult for the violins of those days to keep pace with him†¦ [he] could hold his notes for such a long time that those who heardRead MoreFranz Schubert: A Biography and Musical Analysis Essay1118 Words   |  5 Pagesbirthday) – and his music was generally unrecognized and unappreciated during his time, but his exemplification of romantic lyricism and immen se amount of composing, which encompasses approximately 600 liturgical music scores and lieder (lyric songs); nine symphonies that truly represent the era of classicism; several pieces for the stage; choral music; overtures; piano music, including sonatas and trios; chamber music; string quartets; impromptus; three song cycles; incidental music; seven masses; andRead MoreClassical Music And The Music868 Words   |  4 Pagesthe duty of the artist. 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Carter received his undergraduate degree in English at Harvard University, but he also studied music there, as well as at the

Reflection for Communication and Language Problem- myassignmenthelp

Question: Write about theReflection for Communication and Language Problem. Answer: Event description This assignment highlights one event of my nursing career that has a special significance. I have used Carpers ways of knowing, located within the event and identified the impact of each of the ways of knowing. I had been associated with a mental care centre, where elderly people suffering from Dementia were being treated. I have been associated with the treatment of these elderly patients. People suffering from Dementia tend to forget things very easily (Alzheimers 2015). The symptoms include memory loss, communication and language problem, unable to focus or pay attention, loss of reasoning and power of judgement. Moreover, patients suffering from Dementia also experience immobility and visual perceptions (Mill et al. 2016). The patients, who have been suffering for a long time, tend to become arrogant and violent. They tend to harm the other patients as well as the doctors and nurses treating them. Being one of the care workers, I have often faced violence from the patients suffer ing from Dementia. Moreover, since they tend to forget things and suffer from short-term memory loss, hence they often forget whether they have eaten their food or taken their medicine. Patience and empathy are the only ways to keep the patients from being violent (Garrett and Cutting 2015). During the period of treating the patients, I have learned a lot and experienced various way of knowing. Treating the patients suffering from Dementia is critical, since I have to be patient and empathetic towards them. Since Dementia has, no definite medicine to completely cure it, hence care and therapy are the only treatment for the well-being of the patients suffering from Dementia. Ways of knowing In nursing and healthcare, Carpers fundamental ways of knowing is a classification that categorises the various sources of knowledge and beliefs in the professional nursing practices (Terry et al. 2017). The ways of knowing could be categorised into four fundamental patterns. These are as follows. Empirical knowing This refers to the knowledge that is organized systematically into theories and laws and helps in explaining the suffering of a person along with predicting the cure of the suffering. The empirical knowing is based on science and highlights the theoretical knowledge that a medicine practitioner needs to know. The empirical knowledge is believed to be factual and reliable. However, it is a generalised knowledge that is applicable for the initial treatment. This kind of knowledge acquired is useful for a reflective practitioner and has to be interpreted according to the situation encountered. In the chosen event, the empirical knowledge includes the therapies and treatment for Dementia (Steen et al. 2014). As a medical practitioner, the knowledge that I have gained, for treating the Dementia patients are included in the empirical knowing. Dementia cannot be completely cured. However, the various symptoms of Dementia could be lessened and prevented from getting worst. Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors could be used for the patients suffering from mild Dementia. These patients suffering from Dementia with Lewy bodies, such that the hallucination could be reduced (Zolnierek, 2014). The Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors also slows down the rate of the heart beat, hence ECG before and after the treatment has to be done. Another treatment to curb down the effect of Dementia is Memantine hydrochloride. This is a medicine that works by blocking the effects of a chemical on the brain. This is usually used to treat people suffering from severe Dementia. Patients who are not respondin g positively to the Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors also undergo this treatment. I can also use cognitive simulation and reality orientation therapy for the Dementia patients. The cognitive simulation therapy involves problem-solving skills, enhancement of memory as well as exercise to reduce the immobility (Garrett and Cutting 2015). I can use the reality-orientation theory to reduce stress and mental-disorientation of the patients, thus reducing memory loss as well as confusion. This helps in improving the self-esteem of the patients (Klapwijk et al. 2014). Thus, using the empirical knowledge, I have gained knowledge about the treatment that is most appropriate for the patients suffering from Dementia, based on the severity of the suffering. Aesthetic knowing The aesthetic knowing includes the practitioners responses to the clinical situation. The aesthetic knowing involves the ability of the practitioner to grasp the nature of a particular situation, interpreting the situation and the practitioner knows taking the best actions that (Carnago and Mast 2015). Even if the practitioner faces the same situation, the treatment and the responses vary. The aesthetic knowing includes grasping and interpretation, envisioning and responding. As a medical practitioner, it is important for me that I respond to the same situation differently, depending on the situation, which I am facing. With my own style of care and empathy, I am able to establish a positive relation with the patients, thus assisting them to be cured faster. Moreover, since the patients suffer from Dementia, hence a positive relation with the medicine practitioner is effective and useful for the faster cure (Richardson et al. 2013). My personality and my way of communication have to be empathetic and directed towards ensuring the well being of the patients. Personal knowing The personal knowing, in contrast to the empirical knowledge, highlights the unique style of each practitioner to respond to a situation in his or her own way (Kelley et al. 2015). Based on the empirical knowledge, the response of a medical practitioner is referred to as the personal knowing (Garrett and Cutting 2015). The modifications of the empirical knowledge, according to the demand of the situation are essential for the practitioners. I, as a medical practitioner have a unique way of treating the patients suffering from Dementia. I am empathetic towards the patients and treat them with care. Since the patients are old, hence they suffer from immobility, visual impairment, auditory impairment and other age related diseases. Along with these, suffering from Dementia makes the patients confused and violent (Robert et al. 2014). Thus, I need to be empathetic towards them, in order to reduce their suffering. The patients tend to ask the same question over and again, since they suffe r from short-term memory loss (Garrett and Cutting 2015). Hence, I use hand-written text in order to communicate with them. The writings remain with the patients and they are reminded of the conversation by the written text. This is my way of treating these patients, thus helping them to reduce the state of confusion. The personal knowing involves three inter-related factors. These are: The perception of the feelings of a person, along with the prejudice within the situation The effective management of the personal feelings and responding to the prejudices effectively The effective management of anxiety of the practitioner (Garrett and Cutting 2015) Thus, I have to ensure that I am able to respond to the prejudice effectively, along with having control over my emotions and feelings. Thus, I will be able to ensure that the care and cure given to the patients will be effective. Ethical knowing Ethics has a major role to play in the lives of a medicine practitioner. The ethical learning highlights the sense of right and wrong in the medical practice. Based on the ethical dimensions, the practitioner makes the choice between the right and wrong. Ethics have to be maintained, while ensuring that the requirements of the patients have been met. As a medical practitioner, I have often faced ethical dilemma. The path of truth and the benefits of the patients might often take different paths (DiCenso et al.2014). Thus, ethical dilemmas are caused. In such a situation, I have to take critical decisions and ensure that the people suffering from Dementia do not get worst. There is often a tension between the ethically right situation and the best suitable decision for the patients. However, I have to ensure that I take up the best possible decision, thus helping in the faster recovery of the patients. Conclusion This assignment highlights the ways of knowing and its reflection in a real life event. The ways of knowing includes the empirical knowing, personal knowing, aesthetic knowing and ethical knowing. The empirical knowing has been done successfully and based on it, the personal knowing is applied. Using the aesthetic knowing, the patients could be helped to recover faster, while the ethical knowing helps to take the right decision in case of ethical dilemma. The empirical knowing could have been used more effectively, such that the personal knowing would have been enhanced. The interactions with the patients suffering from Dementia could have been made better, thus relieving them from the suffering. Better communication could have relieved the patients from confusion and helplessness. Thus, with the enhancement of the communication with the patients, the care given to them could have been improved. Various innovative ways of communication could be used as a form of activity, to improve the mental health of the patients. The ways of knowing are significant in the lives of a medical practitioner. References Alzheimers, A., 2015. Alzheimer's disease facts and figures.Alzheimer's dementia: the journal of the Alzheimer's Association,11(3), p.332. Carnago, L. and Mast, M., 2015. Using ways of knowing to guide emergency nursing practice.Journal of Emergency Nursing,41(5), pp.387-390. DiCenso, A., Guyatt, G. and Ciliska, D., 2014.Evidence-Based Nursing-E-Book: A Guide to Clinical Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Garrett, B.M. and Cutting, R.L., 2015. Ways of knowing: realism, non?realism, nominalism and a typology revisited with a counter perspective for nursing science.Nursing inquiry,22(2), pp.95-105. Kelley, A.S., McGarry, K., Gorges, R. and Skinner, J.S., 2015. The Burden of Health Care Costs for Patients With Dementia in the Last 5 Years of LifeBurden of Health Care Costs for Patients With Dementia.Annals of internal medicine,163(10), pp.729-736. Klapwijk, M.S., Caljouw, M.A., van Soest-Poortvliet, M.C., van der Steen, J.T. and Achterberg, W.P., 2014. Symptoms and treatment when death is expected in dementia patients in long-term care facilities.BMC geriatrics,14(1), p.99. Mill, J.E., Allen, M.N. and Morrow, R.A., 2016. Critical theory: Critical methodology to disciplinary foundations in nursing.Canadian Journal of Nursing Research Archive,33(2). Richardson, T.J., Lee, S.J., Berg-Weger, M. and Grossberg, G.T., 2013. Caregiver health: health of caregivers of Alzheimers and other dementia patients.Current psychiatry reports,15(7), p.367. Robert, R.R., Tilley, D.S. and Petersen, S., 2014. A power in clinical nursing practice: concept analysis on nursing intuition.Medsurg Nursing,23(5), pp.343-350. Terry, L., Carr, G. and Curzio, J., 2017. Expert Nurses' Perceptions of the Relevance of Carper's Patterns of Knowing to Junior Nurses.Advances in Nursing Science,40(1), pp.85-102. van der Steen, J.T., Radbruch, L., Hertogh, C.M., de Boer, M.E., Hughes, J.C., Larkin, P., Francke, A.L., Jnger, S., Gove, D., Firth, P. and Koopmans, R.T., 2014. White paper defining optimal palliative care in older people with dementia: a Delphi study and recommendations from the European Association for Palliative Care.Palliative medicine,28(3), pp.197-209. Zolnierek, C.D., 2014. An integrative review of knowing the patient.Journal of Nursing Scholarship,46(1), pp.3-10.

A Raisin In The Sun Essay Conclusion Example For Students

A Raisin In The Sun Essay Conclusion Beneatha was describing how her whole family has this bug she calls Ghetto-it is, which explains the actions of all the main characters in the first act. When Beneatha said this she was just welcoming Asagi into her home. He asked her what was wrong and she responded with the acute ghetto-it is term. Ruth, to me, is acting the most on this use of speech. I would believe she suffers the most from this. Earlier in the first scene she was yelling at Walter for giving Travis so much money to bring to school. Ruth is always preaching about how the rich white people have it and complaining about her life. And every time Travis asked when the paycheck was coming she would just respond with dont worry about it. Walter is Ruths husband and a father of one to Travis. Unlike Ruth Walter takes money not as seriously, while Ruth thinks they need to save every penny so they wont end up in the gutter. Walter handles the income of money in their family and you could say Beneatha handles the out flow. Next in the line of Ghetto-itis would be Mama. Mama lives with the family and does house chores to help out Ruth. Mama doesnt spend much and she doesnt eat much. Mama clearly marked her position in the household. When Beneatha was questioning the existence of God Mama got up and slapped her across the face. She is a serious character. The one person that makes the best of what they have would probably be Travis. Travis is the kind of person that makes the best of a bad situation. When Beneatha was spraying under the couch for roaches, Travis was telling her not to worry about it because they werent harming them. Even though he seems to always be happy he has no idea of what money really means. Beneatha was the one who said the family suffers from acute Ghetto-itis. She was meaning to say that the family acts like they live in the ghetto and are horribly poor, but when in real life they are actually making a lot of money. So Beneatha does the one thing she is good at which is spending money. She has paid for horseback riding lessons and is about to take guitar lessons. Everybody questions her spending in her family. Beneatha may think that she is better than her own family. I think Beneatha does think she is better than her own flesh and blood and that is why she is making statements like the ones she made in Act 1. BibliographyA Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry

Angliscisms the Use of Foreign Word Elements in German Essay Example

Angliscisms the Use of Foreign Word Elements in German Essay Student: Stephanie Korthals Date:25. 03. 2009 Table of contents 1. Introduction 2. Definition 2. 1. What is a foreign word 2. 2. What is a loanword 2. 3. What is an Anglicism 2. 4. Pseudo Anglicism and Hybrid Anglicism 3. Mainstream Trends and the Corpus 4. Word formation 4. 1. Classification 4. 2. Indigen and eurolatin systems 4. 3. The foreign suffix ing 4. 4. The foreign suffix ical 4. 5. English verbs and German affixes . Conclusion 6. Bibliographie 7. Appendix 1. Introduction English seems to be everywhere and it accompanies us through our lives. Waking up in the morning, I listen to the radio. But I dislike the songs on the Hitparade. So, I turn on the CD-Player with my favourite CD. It is time to get dressed. Today is a sunny day and thus a great opportunity to wear a T-Shirt. Before leaving the house I put on my Make up, and use Haarspray to fix my new Trendfrisur. Since I dont have time to eat breakfast I stop by the Backshop to get myself a Sandwich. Arriving at work I start my Computer and update the latest Virenscanner. It is so easy, I just have to press the Enter- Taste. I still have a couple minutes time to check my E-Mails and look for a Last Minute Angebot on the Internet. Hopefully, I might be able to find some Insidertipps telling me which place is worth a visit or I just arrange a Blinddate with the person I met in the Chatroom last week. Longing for Fastfood I am on my way to find a good restaurant. But Mc Donalds or Burger King doesn’t seem an appropriate option. We will write a custom essay sample on Angliscisms the Use of Foreign Word Elements in German specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Angliscisms the Use of Foreign Word Elements in German specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Angliscisms the Use of Foreign Word Elements in German specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Finally, I enjoy my lunch, a Chicken Kebap and a Ginger Ale, in the park nearby my office. Before heading home I make a short detour and decide to work out in the Fitness Studio. I finish the day in front of the TV with a big bowl of Erdnussflipps and cant decide about the genre of Movie I want to watch. On my shortlist I can choose between Actionfilms, a Livesendung, or a Thriller. Not quite convinced by the choice, I finally put my favorite Movie in the DVD-Player and watch Dirty Dancing-the perfect end of a day. Quite a lot English words have made their way into the German language system. Some people even fear that English words constantly flood the German language, substitute its words and could finally lead to the extinction of German. Having a look at the newspaper one can find a number of English words, especially when it comes to advertisement: ,,Der Push up- BH, Magic fur Damen†, die ,,Jogginghose fur Kinder†, ,,Mildeen ® Desinfizierendes Hautgel†, das ,,Trolley- Reisekofferset† or der ,, Digitale Design Festplatten Satelliten Receiver MEDION ® LIFE  ® †are just a few examples. 1] English words or Anglicism are transferred into German either by being directly taken over, or by being combined with German word elements. This tendency seems to increase. The process of hybridization extends the possibility of creating new words because for some words there dont exist an equivalent. In my paper I therefore want to have a closer look on these processes, p articularly on affixation. Does the combination of foreign affixes and native lexemes as well as the other way around turns out to be productive? Or is it the best to stick to the old rules and create words only by means of the traditional word formation and to not pay attention to the process of hybridization? Before concentrating on the process of word formation and in particular examining the influence of English elements in the German language system, I would like to give a general definition of the most important terms. 2. 1. What is a foreign word? The term Fremdwort (foreign word) marks an expression or a word, which is taken from a language and is transferred to another one. Here, the difference to loanwords is the uniqueness of their pronunciation and spelling, as well as their original meaning, which doesnt belong to the recipient language thus doesnt make any sense. Therefore it is easy to distinguish them from native words, which are familiar to the native speakers. [2] Muhr describes the term foreign word as the following: ,,Fremdworter : Sind Worter, die in Schreibung und Aussprache dem Deutschen nicht angepasst sind oder seinen Strukturen nicht entsprechen und daher deutlich als ein neues Wort erkennbar sind. [3] 2. 2. What is a loanword ? In general, the distinction between a foreign word and a loanword is not easy to be drawn and controversial. Furthermore, there doesnt yet exist an universal differentiation of the term (Lehnwort /loanword) from the term (Fremdwort/ foreign word), as for instance Haugen [4] doesnt pay attention to the term Lehnwort, whereas German linguists are in favour of both terms. [5] From an etymological point of view both are forms that originate in a foreign language and have made their way into the recipient language. 6] Polenz differentiates these two terms by using the criteria of integration. He regards a foreign word therefore as not integrated, whereas a loanword is seen as integrated. [7] But here the definition is not quite clear and thus leaves room to focus either on sociolinguistic or structural criteria. While foreign words (Fremdworte) have kept their original form with regard to the spelling and pronunciation, loanwords (Lehnworter) have adapted morphologically, orthographically and phonologically to the receptor language in way that makes it quite effortful to recognize the difference from native word. This is regarded as one way to define and differentiate loan words and foreign words. The focus at this is on conformity, with regard to the form, while other authors do punctuate the fact that foreign words distinguish from loan words by a certain structure, as for instance Kiesler does: [†¦] a word borrowed from another language is a foreign word if the pronunciation and the spelling do not correspond to the pronunciation rules of the receiving language, while it is a loanword if they correspond to these rules. [8] 2. 3. What is an Anglicism? Anglicism signalizes the impact English exerts on other languages and therefore can be seen as a generic term. As well as loanwords, they are a result of borrowing processes, indicating a transfer of lexical elements from a source language to a receptor language. Although one can act on the assumption that all borrowings are Anglicisms, it doesnt always have to be the other way around. Not all Anglicisms are borrowings, according to Onysk o. [9] Yang defines Anglicisms in general as: Oberbegriff von Entlehnungen aus dem britischen Englisch, dem amerikanischen Englisch, sowie den ubrigen englischsprachigen Landern [ ] [10] Again, it is not quite clear and therefore debatable which category the term Anglicism belongs to and leaves room for speculations because the etymological perspective in this case, a crucial aspect for the definition, is often indistinct and thus is not a great convenience in defining Anglicisms properly. [11] On the one hand, anglicisms are seen as foreign words. But mostly they are a result of loan transfers and therefore it is not clear whether they still can be treated as foreign words. Carstensen doesnt see them as foreign words and rejects that idea. [12] Often the question arises whether Anglicisms have been directly transferred from their Source language or whether they are the result of a word creation process. (Babyboom / Snowboardboom)[13]. Barz believes that the process of Conversion (nomen -gt; verb) and derivation (Verb+ er as Nomina agentis’) [14]could be an explanation for the two different approaches of analyzing Anglicisms. Some authors consider Anglicisms as foreign words, as some authors suggest them to be treated as loanwords. Muhr, for instance, regards Anglicisms as a result of a mixed form of loanwords and foreign words. According to him, Anglicisms are of English origin, which have been introduced into the German language. But still, with regard to the orthography, Anglicisms keep their original writing and thus are recognizable of foreign nature, as for instance words with the following letters, which arent frequently used in German orthography: ,,y†(as in funky), ,,oo†, ,,c† (as in cool), ,,sh†(as in show). Muhr 2002, p. 32). Viereck on the other hand, states in his definition that Anglicisms rather fall into the category of loanwords because he recognizes the process of modification, the word has submitted. â€Å"Anglicisms [ ] are those lexical items that have infiltrated contemporary German[ ]in the original graphemic form (graphemic importance) and, as such, have un dergone certain modifications in the sphere of phonology and morphology: phonemic substitution and morphological importation. [15] The morphological adaptation to the receptor language, in this case German, would explain why some words have lost their original orthography, as for instance the word club, which is in German no longer written with /c/ but with /k/. Another example would be to clone -gt; klonen or the sketch -gt; der Sketsch. According to the definition of Viereck, the term Anglicism fits into the category of loanwords, although there might be some exceptions. [16] 2. 4. Pseudo anglicisms and Hybrid anglicisms Talking about Anglicisms, there are two other important forms exerting influence on German language. I just want to mention and shortly explain these two terms: Pseudo anglicisms and Hybrid anglicisms. â€Å"Anglicisms as (German) lexical items of English origin or borrowed from English. Pseudo-borrowings, for instance, obviously fall outside this description: German (speakers) cannot borrow from English a lexical item or a significate not attested in English. †[17] Onysko states pseudo anglicisms as elements, that have been taken over from the Source Language into the Receptor Language in order to create a new word (neologism) that is unknown in the Source Language. These words are Anglicisms by structure, but not by origin. The word Handy or Pulli would be an example for a Pseudo Anglicisms because the word handy in English denotes an adjective (meaning nutzlich) and is not to be regarded as a telephone (the English equivalent would be cell phone/ mobile phone). Pulli in the Source Language English would only been known as pullover. Hybrid Anglicisms are a combination of English words and German elements, in this case. One could describe them as units of native and borrowed morphemes. The emphasis is rather on derivational processes, including, affixation and compounding. Fairerweise combines the English adjective fair with the suffix -er and- weise , as well as herumsurfen, a combination of the German prefix herum and the English verb to surf. [18] Fleischner states that this process can be seen as a link between foreign language elements and native linguistic parts. [19] Muhr adds, that these words imitate the English language in structure an d orthography, although they dont exist in this language[20] 3. The mainstream trends: Anglicisms in German language Muhr claims that over the recent 40 years the usage and influence of anglicisms in German have increased, reaching a climax in the Nineties. Due to the high prestige and cultural dominance of English, words have entered the German lexicon mainly in thematic fields as Media, IT and film industry. [21]. Irmhild Barz seems to agree to that. She reports that there has been a tendency towards the increased use of lexical loaning since the second half of the 20th century. Here Barz stresses on the change in the lexical system of a language that always exerts an influence on its word formation. A Look at the Neologismenworterbuch 2004 indicates that 40 percent of all new words or lexemes, listed in this book, derive from English. Another 20 percent of all neologisms are hybrid anglicisms. Although the tendency towards the use of anglicisms in German language is rising, it is obvious, according to Barz, that not all words will have the potential to become an inherent part of the German vocabulary. [22] Another data research proving the quantitative impact of English on the German language has been done by Der Spiegel, comparing the total number of anglicisms (types and tokens) in 2000. The corpus consisted of 52 weekly topics, starting in January and ending in December. Therefore 8621 text pages had to be searched for English words. Fewer than 6 percent of the words listed in the corpus were of English/ American origin. More than two thirds of all anglicisms (75. 93%) are hybrid forms mainly compound nouns (53%), as Luxuskids. They turn out to be quite productive in creating new words. Only a small percentage of Anglicisms fit in to the categories of adjectives and verbs (less than 6 % each) [23] Searching my own corpus I analyzed 113 words of which 63 seem to be Anglicisms, which is more than 50 %. table 1: The occurrence of English words The majority of all words I have found in the corpus are hybrid forms, namely 55; most of them are nominal compounds. One nominal compound even consists of a Pseudo Anglicisms constituent, namely Handykomponente. I analysed only 8 words being the result of loan transfers As the Spiegel research claims, the percentage of verbs and adjectives, found in the corpus is very low, since I found no verb and only one adjective, namely aufgepixelt. Table 2: Forms of Anglicisms Analyzing the words, the dominance of nouns is obvious. Except for the adjective aufgepixelt and two examples fitting into the category of Proper Names (Schnulliwood and Aktengate), the remaining words all belong to the word class of nouns. able 3: Word Classes With regard to the thematic fields anglicisms occur in, the corpus shows a correlation between certain fields and the frequency of anglicisms. The majority of English words cluster in nouns have to do with finances and business, IT, fashion and lifestyle[24]. table 4: Thematic Fields Searching my own corpus, I can agree to this thesis. A large number of Anglicisms, namely 18 word s, fit into the category of Information Technology, as for instance the words Krypto- Framework or Catching-Konzept. This equals 29% and therefore this field represents the majority of words. 2 words, nearly 20%, belong to the thematic field of society and lifestyle, as for instance Nerd- Szene or Charity- Versteigerung. The category others includes the thematic fields of medicine, language, education and music. But since they appeared only once or twice in the corpus they dont seem to be of big importance. With reference to the word form, there exists a current trend towards zero orthographical and minimal phonological integration of English words, which have found the way into the German language. Most of them have still kept their original spelling, such as Baby, Coach, Camp, Clip, Computer and Crew. Actually, they now should have been written with /k/, instead of /c/. The results of survey by Der Spiegel, analyzing the pattern of assimilation of Anglicisms show that the trend towards adapting English words to the German orthography and phonetic has been reversed and the trend of ‘unassimilated integration’ is demonstrative. [25] English words increasingly seem to resist orthographical integration into the German language. Viereck supports this statement. Considering his corpus, he discovered a majority of English vowels that remained unaltered, when being ransferred into German. The exception would be the transliteration of ss-gt; ? an c -gt;k , man-gt; mann, and sh-gt;sch, which is used infrequently. Furthermore, Viereck notes the tendency of ie-gt;y replacement in words like Walkie-Talkiegt; Walky-Talky. Additionally, the plural form of y has not been adapted to the German language. According the English orthographical rule, y turns into -ies), when forming the pl ural. In contrast to that, in German the plural marker ‘s’ is to simply add y, So the plural of the word Party is not realized as Parties but as Partys. Analyzing the corpus, Viereck realized that the usage of hyphen, apostrophes, separated versus join spelling and the capitalization is very inconsistent. He assumes that the reason for this might be the absence of a precise definition. He finally discovered in his corpus a limited group of words, which he called hyperfalse adaptation. This includes skgt;sc in words as roller skater versus Roller Scater or kkgt;ck in words such as trekking versus Trecking. [26]. In my own corpus, the majority of words have been transferred into German without having lost their original spelling. There is an exception with the word Fernseh-Fon, which has adapted to the German spelling rules. This could be seen in words such as Off- Road-Optik and Qualifying-System. Even the transliteration of /c/ to /k/ seems to be obsolete, since nearly all words, occurring in the corpus, containing a /c/ are not longer transformed. The only two words where this process has taken place are Klonmaus and Panikroom. Words like Catnippkissen, Actionrollenspiel or Protection- Effekt stick to their original orthography. Furthermore, the tendency to take over /y/ is supported by the words I have found in my corpus. Words like Easy-Entry-System or Thirtysomething-Welt keep the /y/ instead of being replaced by an /i/. Another peculiarity is the frequent occurrence of a hyphen. 33 words out of 62, more than every second word, contain a hyphen in their spelling, as in Skull-and-Bones-Mann, Speed-Experte or Gaming-Professur. A reason for this phenomenon could be the intention to separate certain word elements and thus either marks the foreign element of this compound or to put emphasis on one of the constituents. But then again some words like Ablaufmanagement dont have a hyphen. This could be an argument for Viereck thesis about the missing precise definition. 4. Word formation From a morphological point of view, forming new words in a language can happen in several ways, either by taking over entire words from a Source Language to a Receptor Language or by adapting some foreign elements, and later combine them with native word elements. In this concrete case the focus is on the German lexical constituents. This is called hybridization, most commonly used in processes of compounding and derivation. Compounding, derivation, conversion, blending, clipping or acronyms would just serve as an example. Fleischer includes assimilated loanwords in this category. Processes of borrowing and word formation not only run parallel but they also intersect. [27] Hybridization would be such an intersection. However, with regard to Anglicisms and their influence on German present-day word formation, Seiffert claims that besides compounding, affixation is most commonly used as a way to create new words. [28] â€Å"[ ] fur die Fremdwortbildung neben den freien Lexemen [ besonders die Kombineme von Interesse. [ ] Wortbildungseinheiten, die nur in Kombination vorkommen, also nicht wortfahig sind. Dazu gehoren [ ] Affixe. † [29] I am going to focus on the process of hybrid- derivation (adding an affix to an unbound lexeme, or a n affix to a confix therefore one of the constituents has to be nonnative), especially on suffixation and prefixation. But before dealing with affixes, it is worth me ntioning that hybridization in derivational processes has a lot more restrictions that in the process of compounding. Affixes, added before the root of a word in order to create a new one, like im- in impossible, fit into the category of prefixes. This type of affix usually functions as a determinant of the word it is prefixed to. [30] The majority of prefixes maintain the word class of the base, whereas suffixes do change it. Only when modifying the meaning of the word, prefixes appear to be less common than suffixes. [31] The process of adding an affix to a root of a word is called suffixation. Suffixes are divided into inflectional (denoting grammatical categories -s, -ed) and derivational suffixes (denoting lexical information). [32] 4. 1. Classification Seiffert classifies the process of creating a new word, containing foreign elements, as the following: either it happens by the complete takeover of two free lexemes, two confixes, or by combining a confix and a free lexeme, which has to be analyzed as a compound. The combination of an affix and a free lexeme as well as a confix and an affix fits into the category of derivatives. Focusing on the status of the second constituent as criteria for a further sub classification, she becomes more precise by differencing between the categories: Suffixderivate’ (second constituent is an affix), Prafixderivate (second constituent is a free lexeme) and Konfixderivation. Although this categorization is marked by heterogeneity, caused by the affixes, it still has the disadvantage that several new words, structural and semantically similar to the classes mentioned above, dont belong there. [33] 4. 2. Indigene and eurolatin systems English and German, as Barz marks, share the same historical background (from a diachronic perspective) and thus have similarities in their lexical and word structure. Furthermore, both languages consist of the same amount of foreign lexical constituents of Latin, Roman and Greek origin. Referring to Barz, the latter aspect allows the opportunity to use two different subsystems to form words. The first includes indigene word formation processes. Desolating word elements (nonnative) on the other hand focuses on the word formation processes dealing with foreign word elements. Mainly these forms are the result of hybridization. Those Greek and Latin elements for instance are highly effective to extend the scientific thesaurus and thus dominate the word formation process in the thematic fields of science, techniques, and the society. [34] However, to analyze a word regarding if it is loanword or a creation one should not only concentrate on the synchronic analysis but also take the diachronic perspective into account. Again, the diachronic analysis mainly examines whether the word in question is a loan transfer or the result of word formation processes by having taken over external word elements, such as affixes. Analyzing a linguistic unit from a ynchronic perspective the stress is on the matter of viability of a word as a morpheme. [35] Foreign lexemes serve as a pattern in order to easy the development of new structures, which turn out to be productive. Therefore the terms reactivation (Reaktivierung) and morphemization (Morphematisierung) became quite common. This means that existing word segments from a Source Language are carried over to the Receptor Language and serve as constituents to form new words. It is most likely that this process might be a result of hybridization. The constituent is going to be translated and transferred to the Receptor Language. Barz would see the word Burger in German as a free lexeme, which comes from the word hamburger, whereas seller would be treated as a confix. Moreover this explains the acceptance of foreign (eurolatin) affixes in the German language system, such as ex-, mini-, top-, and -ing. [36] Seiffert adds the prefixes super-, mega, -ultra-, and hyper-. In general, prefixes tend to form verbs as suffixes tend to form nouns. She emphasizes that nonnative prefixes, expressing an augmentation or negation,[37] have the highest rank in German word formation and thus are actively used to be connected with German word elements. Again, it is quite striking that the addition nearly operates without any restrictions. [38] Fleischer supports this statement regarding newly developed verb prefixes which, he states, are closer to the process of nominal compounding and therefore dont show any difficulty in connection with eurolatin lexemes, as ein-, aus-, and um-. But with reference to the older or classic verb prefixes, Fleischer claims the hybridization with foreign lexemes as not very active and unproductive. [39] However, it is possible to combine eurolatin prefixes either with foreign roots as in supermodern or with native roots[40] as in hypergenau. Even complex or compounded bases seem to work with regard to the suffixation, there exists certain restrictions. [41] Having a closer look at this derivational process, its recognizable that there are two ways of suffixation. First would be the combination of a native suffix adding to a foreign lexeme, and second, the combination of an indigen lexeme with a nonnative suffix. Obviously, foreign suffixes in general only seem to connect with nonnative word elements. So, a hybridization of foreign suffixes and native lexemes in this case seems unlikely. Then again, the other way around turns out to be effective, as it could be seen in words ending with -isch and -ung. Seiffert claims the reason to that has to do with the phonological distinctiveness of the eurolatin suffixes, as they tend to carry the stress of the word, whereas indigen suffixes dont. This would mean that words that carry the stress on the last syllable contradicts to words with a native suffix. [42] Furthermore, Muller realises a tendency towards native suffix, which leads to better chances of integration of the foreign lexeme whereas the other process causes an alienation of the native lexeme and therefore the whole word. 43] Concerning prefixes, it would be the other way around. Since the prefixes maintain the same word category their function of integration is limited and less strong. A native prefix with a foreign lexeme integrates less. The tendency to combine a nominal as well as a verbal prefix and a nonnative lexeme is therefore low. On the other hand, the connection of a nonnative verbal prefix and a native lexeme is supposed to work better. An exception, with reference to Fleischer, would be the prefixes: de-, dies-, in-, per-, pro-, and re-. 44] Now still the question arises if these two systems, the indigen and the eurolatin one, are competing against each other. Since both systems exists parallel and could cross, which would be hybridization, are commonly used in present- day German word formation. Indeed, as it is observed with prefixes kon/ko versus poly, the foreign suffix -ion and the indigen suffix -ung, + are both used to form nomina actionis out of nonnative verbs (Refomation versus Reformierung). 45] This phenomenon occurs in foreign lexemes and the suffix. Here, the native suffix and the foreign suffix can be seen as rivals, as it works the same with the prefixes (indigen versus eurolatin), which are added to native lexeme. [46] One could assume that finally a word could exist doubly or a substitution could take place. A ccording to Seiffert, there are several reasons to deny this thesis of double words, as for instance the economy of a language usually will never allow the existence of two identical lexical words. Furthermore, the numerous appearances of hybrid elements in the area of derivational prefixation, for instance, stress an amalgation of native word formation and eurolatin word formation. This supports the idea of Barz that both systems are depending on each other, as complementing each other. [47] Fleischer finally mentions the importance of the semantic meaning. Not all native derivational foreign affixes cover the range of meaning, the native affix does and vice versa. They only partly ntersect, as for example the nonnative element extra- tends to connect with noun and adjectives, whereas the native equivalent sondern- only combines with nouns. [48] Taking all facts into consideration, to keep the best opportunity of forming new words, both systems are needed. 4. 3. The foreign suffix ing Beside the group of nominal compositions , including adjective+ suffix, noun + noun, the suffix -ing belongs the category of verbal compositions, consisting of adjective+verb+ suffix, noun + ver b+ suffix, verb+er, and verb + interrogative. 49] A view in the historical background of English shows that -ing in present- day English, is the result of a merger, starting in the 12th century, affecting the forms of the first participle as well as the verbal nouns / gerundial forms. The pattern- ing occurs in deverbal derivation und seems to be quite productive and therefore formally transparent. In the German language system, the original forms have been preserved (-ung/-ende). Therefore the pattern -ing is alien, as well as, in several other languages. The process of borrowing -ing would be more restricted since the pattern -ing is normally expressed by the substantive infinitive. Here Hansen intentional excludes the derivation – ung. This leaves two ways of dealing with the pattern – ing, in particular. Either words, containing the deverbal derivation are directly transferred and remain unique, or they become replaced by the native equivalent – en, which is preferred for forming nouns. Even problems in pronunciation might make it hard for the pattern to be transferred to other languages, since the phoneme /? is not available in sound structure of most European countries. To analyze the morphological and phonological integratability of ing, Hansen compared two categories (activity/ process versus results /concrete objects). According to Hansen the usage of -ing in loanwords, denoting activities is predominant, where 50% of them are transparent. The derivational morpheme -ing denoting a result are rare and in t ransparent. Mostly they morphological resemble other loan words in the same semantic fields and thus are like to be replaced. In terms of morphology Haugen states that the tendency towards the usage of English derivatives, which are attached to native stems has decreased, whereas an increase of transferring unadapted loan words is noticeable. This simplifies the creation of loan morphemes like ing. Hansen does not see lot productivity in this. But other suffixes as -man and -ist turned out quite productive, so he suggests using -ing as pseudo Anglicism. As a conclusion Hansen stresses that the pattern- ing has small chance to integrate in other language in a way that is added to a native stem. The suffix -ing as: †not readily identifiable with a native morpheme is not combined withnative stems[ ] ing will increase in terms of the number of adopted loanwords, which contain them, [ ] ing is unlikely to be used to derive new words on native stems. †[50] In general, he states that English derived verbs have more difficulties in integrating. [51] With regards to my corpus, I can agree to Hansens statement in so far as all words, ending with the pattern -ing are of English origin and not consisting of a German native word stem, where -ing, as a suffix is added. Reverse- Engineering, Cafe-hopping, Feinstaubscreening and Venenstripping would serve as examples. Although some words contain German elements, the pattern – ing always appears at the end of an English word (engineering, hopping, screening and stripping). The productivity of -ing as suffix would increase, if it was possible to add it to a great number of German verbs and acts as foreign suffix. Analyzing the corpus Barz claims that although there are quite a number of words in German, ending with -ing. But mostly the whole word is transferred from English words, like Walking, Doping. Furthermore the words are able to combine with German word elements, such as Blut- ,Kinder- ,Wachstumsdoping, which happens frequently But still the question is not yet answered whether the possibility exists to use -ing as suffix , added to German indigene word elements and if this process is productive. Referring to Barz these word constructions are rare, at the moment. The only exception would be the word Mieting, invented by a car rental service. This combination is very eye-catching and evokes the feeling of trendyness and wittiness. Then again, having a look on the Internet the pattern ing, used as derivational suffix, appears frequently. Examples for this are the following words, Faulenzing, Dauerzocking, Power-gassigehing. She assumes that these words, describing leisure activities, are lexically modeled after anglicisms, like Jogging, Walking or Inline skating. Barz here assumes that the usage of -ing might be a way of intentionally marking certain sequences as noun. Apparently there seem to be no limitations, regarding the phonological and morphological structures; -ing appears to be capable of combining with the majority of German verbs. This leads Barz to the conclusion, that one can assume -ing to become a productive element in German word formation, exerting as suffix to verbs and thus turning them into nouns by changing

China Revolution essays

China Revolution essays In the 19th century, China had a lot new treaties and wars breaking out, all throught the 19th century. Some are like the Opium War(s), The Boxer Rebellion, and Sphere of Influence. These things were a big part of Chinas history. The Opium War was two wars fought between Great Britain and China in whom Western powers gained significant commercial privileges and territory. The Opium Wars began when the Chinese government tried to stop the illegal importation of opium by British merchants. The First Opium War started in 1839 when the Chinese government confiscated opium warehouses in Guangzhou (Canton). Britain responded by sending an expedition of warships to the city in February 1840. The British won a quick victory and the conflict was ended by the Treaty of Nanking (Nanjing) on August 29, 1842. By this treaty, and a supplementary one signed on October 8, 1843, China was forced to pay a large indemnity, open five ports to British trade and residence, and cede Hong Kong to Great Britain. The treaty also gave British citizens in China the right to be tried in British courts. Other Western powers demanded, and were granted, similar privileges. In October 1856, Guangzhou police boarded the British ship Arrow and charged its crew with smuggling. Eager to gain more trading rights, the British used the incident to launch another offensive, precipitating the Second Opium War. British forces, aided by the French, won another quick military victory in 1857. When the Chinese government refused to ratify the Treaty of Tianjin, which had been signed in 1858, the hostilities resumed. In 1860, after British and French troops had occupied Beijing and burned the Summer Palace, the Chinese agreed to ratify the treaty. The treaty opened additional trading ports, allowed foreign emissaries to reside in Beijing, admitted Christian missionaries into China, and opened travel to the Chinese interior. Later negotiations legalized the ...

Corporate Information Strategy and Management Essay

Corporate Information Strategy and Management - Essay Example The scenario in the world of business is changing every now and then with new entrants in the market making sincere attempts to make it to the top. Any organization either to survive or compete in the industry needs to re-formulate its strategy keeping in view the market condition and rivals. According to Grant (Bowman, E.H and Helfat, C.E., 2001) business strategy deals with the ways in which a single business firm or an individual business unit of a larger firm competes within a particular industry market whereas corporate strategy deals with the ways in which a corporation manages a set of business together. Chew E.K. and Gottschalk, P. (2009) states that strategy is about creating a competitively differentiated position to win customers in the marketplace. Yannis and Treacy (1986) mentioned that senior executives, strategic planners and information system managers are nowadays formulating policies to include information technology to achieve competitive advantage in the industry market. The technology offers great array of capabilities at lower costs that has motivated the companies to utilize the technology for better decision making process. Information technology is useful in trying to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of current organization and out maneuver the others in the competition. The components of corporate strategy, which include internal, competitive and business portfolio strategy, are affected by information technology that improves the efficiency of the firm's operation. It has become necessary in today's competitive climate for every business organization to utilize the information technology in its operations to achieve the objectives in scheduled time. Therefore the present study intends to find the importance of information technology as part of corporate strategy and its usefulness to the management and also to evaluate its impact during the turbulent times of recession when most of the companies were going bankrupt and filing for liquidation. Research Question The present study is research on the importance of information technology in corporate organizations and management in taking decisions with regard to achieving the objectives through various literature reviews. It is intended to study the impact of IT strategy in development of company's internal strategy and how it is useful in attaining its goals and objectives. Therefore, a short study will be carried out in one of the organizations to study its corporate information strategy and how it is effective in taking managerial decision making process. Review of literature Arquilla and Borer (2007, p.4) relating information strategy to history mentioned that the first giant leap came with electrical telegraph that allowed information to move at the speed which was unheard at that time. And presently, Information Technology (IT) is referred to as wildcard in business by Applegate et al (2008, p.1), a source of opportunity and uncertainty, of advantage and risk. It is further stated that the evolution of technology, work and workforce over the past 40 years has dramatically influenced the concept of organizations and the industries and IT is not considered as a back office transactions tool, it has become a strategic part of businesses enabling the redefinition of markets and industries and strategies and designs of firm